Cosimo de' Medici, sixteenth-century ruler of Florence, is here personified as the mythological poet and musician Orpheus at the mouth of Hades, where he had gone to reclaim his dead wife Eurydice. The felicitous circumstances of this allegorical portrait, which was painted at the time of Cosimo's marriage to Eleanor of Toledo in 1539, may have warranted several changes during the picture's execution. For example, technical evidence shows that the three-headed dog Cerberus, guardian of the underworld, originally growled at Orpheus's attempts to gain admittance, but here has been calmed by soothing music. The newly married couple would have appreciated the romantic overtones achieved in the revised version. In addition, many contemporary viewers would have noticed that the seductive turn of Cosimo's muscular body was based on the much admired ancient sculpture known as the Torso Belvedere, then as now on display in the Vatican in Rome. Carl Brandon Strehlke, from Philadelphia Museum of Art: Handbook of the Collections (1995), p. 170.